Tuesday, April 28, 2015
Monday, April 27, 2015
Marry Book
I love you without knowing how, or when, or from where. I love you
simply, without problems or pride: I love you in this way because I do
not know any other way of loving but this, in which there is no I or
you, so intimate that your hand upon my chest is my hand, so intimate
that when I fall asleep your eyes close
Do You Know How To Have A Happy Family?
Hey guys don't forget with your family If you're fussy about your work, please don't forget time with your family
Ever have trouble connecting your entire family? Too many kids to handle? Too many people to show your love to at all times? A parent has many struggles on a day-to-day basis. They never get time off and they always need to be on their A game. After all they have a family to run, and kids to keep track of. Being a parent is a full time job, on top of whatever other job they may have.
Found some trouble trying to balance all of that at once. As a dad of 5 girls he knew he needed to find a way to manage the challenges that came to him as a parent. He only had a 3-year old and an infant when he started to notice the rough patches in parenting and he was unsatisfied with his job as a dad. He went on to study psychological science and then still looking for more answers he got his PhD researching how parents see their role, and how their perceptions were associated with their own happiness and meaning in life, and that of their children. Parenting literally became his job in every way possible. He was a university lecturer and researcher for four years and is now a full-time writer and speaker about parenting. It is his life.
He knows he’s not perfect, but every day he tries to be a better parent for his kids. In fact he is so passionate about sharing the science, skills and heart that connects and strengthens families he recently published a book titled “What Your Child Needs From You: Creating a Connected Family.”
“What Your Child Needs From You: Creating a Connected Family” is a practical guide to helping parents build meaningful relationships with their children. He says the single most important thing for children to grow into happy, resilient adults is someone who can always be emotionally available to them. According to, as long as families who integrate the principles described in “What Your Child Needs From You” into their everyday lives everyone will be more peaceful, harmonious and functional, and parents will raise children who grow into kind and compassionate adults. There are plenty of things kids will benefit from, but identifies the three things children really need in life from their parents.
Ever have trouble connecting your entire family? Too many kids to handle? Too many people to show your love to at all times? A parent has many struggles on a day-to-day basis. They never get time off and they always need to be on their A game. After all they have a family to run, and kids to keep track of. Being a parent is a full time job, on top of whatever other job they may have.
Found some trouble trying to balance all of that at once. As a dad of 5 girls he knew he needed to find a way to manage the challenges that came to him as a parent. He only had a 3-year old and an infant when he started to notice the rough patches in parenting and he was unsatisfied with his job as a dad. He went on to study psychological science and then still looking for more answers he got his PhD researching how parents see their role, and how their perceptions were associated with their own happiness and meaning in life, and that of their children. Parenting literally became his job in every way possible. He was a university lecturer and researcher for four years and is now a full-time writer and speaker about parenting. It is his life.
He knows he’s not perfect, but every day he tries to be a better parent for his kids. In fact he is so passionate about sharing the science, skills and heart that connects and strengthens families he recently published a book titled “What Your Child Needs From You: Creating a Connected Family.”
“What Your Child Needs From You: Creating a Connected Family” is a practical guide to helping parents build meaningful relationships with their children. He says the single most important thing for children to grow into happy, resilient adults is someone who can always be emotionally available to them. According to, as long as families who integrate the principles described in “What Your Child Needs From You” into their everyday lives everyone will be more peaceful, harmonious and functional, and parents will raise children who grow into kind and compassionate adults. There are plenty of things kids will benefit from, but identifies the three things children really need in life from their parents.
Categories
Knowledge
Wednesday, April 22, 2015
5 Ways To Survive And Thrive As An Introvert Parent
Many people conflate shyness and introversion. It is not the case that
all introverts are shy. Most of the introverts I know can be very
articulate and, in the right circumstances, sociable. It is simply that
introverts re-energise by spending time alone. Their interior world is
more important to them than their exterior world and they value solitude
over companionship.
Why is Introvert parenting particularly intense?
Ask most introverts and they will tell you that our society seems to value extraversion over introversion. From our earliest days we are encouraged to seek out friendship groups. There are many new parent groups which pregnant women and their partners can access in order to have a "support network" available to them when their child is born. Even quite small communities abound with pre-schools and nurseries where very young children are cared for in, sometimes quite large, groups. If children are schooled, this continues through their education. Our workplaces are often busy and bustling. Introverts can often feel as though they are being suffocated by sociability! If simply existing as an introvert can sometimes feel overwhelming, why pick out parenting as a particularly draining role for an introvert to undertake?
Primarily, it's the all-encompassing nature of parenting. For most parents, parenting begins with pregnancy and for nine months an introvert mother-to-be is never truly alone. Even when carving out "me" time, she has her lovely little passenger along for the ride. And once baby is born? Well, often, that complete symbiosis of mother and child from pregnancy actually seems like the easy part! I don't know about you but I never worked in any job where my colleagues would follow me to the toilet and try to continue negotiations with me whilst I was shut in a cubicle!
Parents want to do the best they can for their children. Whatever personality a parent is, having responsibility for the health and well-being of a whole other human being can feel like an overwhelming responsibility. To do it well means ensuring your own well-being is protected. It is so much easier to give your time and energy to your children when those things are replenished regularly. The extra challenge for an introvert parent is creating the time and space to do just that when, for most of us, it means carving out sufficient, high-quality alone time. Locking the toilet door probably won't do it (although it might be a start!)
1. Accept that you are an Introvert:
It can be tempting, when the world seems so much more receptive to extrovert personalities, to try and re-invent yourself. If being an extrovert makes it easier to spend time with your child then - pow! - become an extrovert. Suddenly discover the joys of large crowds and noisy soft play areas which eluded you before. (Allow this introvert a brief shudder of horror before proceeding!) There is validity in the idea that we should explore our "shadow" sides and Jung felt that we should all have an understanding of our opposites but understanding and becoming are not the same.
Whilst personality can, and does, evolve over a life-time, affected by life experiences and social groupings, the underlying traits are most likely to remain. According to Peter Geyer, 75% of those who re-take a Myers-Briggs test will report the same result a second time (and this can be higher, if the participant has strong preferences). This implies that the core aspects of who we were are deep-seated, possibly innate and unlikely to shift drastically in our lifetime.
Thus, rather than trying to become less introverted, a parent who embraces their introvert personality is likely to be in a better position to make adaptations to their parenting style to accommodate their need for space.
2. Accept that you are not ONLY an Introvert:
Reducing who you are to one word is always going to be a little basic and self-limiting. None of us have just one personality trait. Those other letters on a Myers-Briggs scale?... They're important too and your combination of aptitudes will probably be unique to you. Moreover, just four letters seems even more limiting than a word. Taking those four letters as the foundation for exploring the rich multi-faceted nature of humans seems a healthier approach.
Me? Well, to limit myself to four letters for a moment (!) I came out as an ISFJ when I was eighteen. I'm an extreme Introvert. But, I also have tendencies toward OCD and, as a result, my mental health is better when my home is clean and ordered. I thrive on routine and strongly dislike spontaneity! All these things have shaped my parenting yet none of them were really anything to do with being an introvert. The fact that I learned to mix my need for tidiness with my child's need to explore (read: make a mess) grew out of my "J-ness" not my "I-ness"! And I'm sure my Sensing and Feeling characteristics will have fed into the type of parent I ultimately became, even if I'm not completely conscious of the actual outcomes.
Likewise, any parent who tries to plan the way they raise their child around one aspect of their psyche is likely to find it virtually impossible. The needs of the child and, indeed, the parent will not be fully met and there may well be increased tension and discord. Knowing that parenting is dynamic and acknowledging that it is never just one thing can help us when we're trying to work out what on earth is going on!?
3. Notice your child's personality.
If you're an introvert parent, you may spend pregnancy crossing your fingers and hoping for an introvert child. You may have fond images of sitting side by side with your little one, in happy companionable silence, building elaborate rail networks from your box of wooden train-track. Or, you may envisage hours on the sofa surrounded by books which you and your child will share harmoniously. They will sit entranced and definitely won't try to gnaw the cover or launch a beloved classic at your head.
And you know what? It might happen like that. It did for me - the first time around. My eldest child turned out to be a happy, contented introvert who would happily spend a whole morning planning and executing amazing rail networks. He welcomed my participation but didn't seem to require it and would remain lost in his own world if I needed to step away for any reason.
This Introvert parent / Introvert child relationship may seem the perfect one but it is not without its challenges. As you both require little outside stimulation, you can end up relatively isolated. As the adult, an introverted parent may have to bite the bullet and take steps to ensure you and your child do have some social interaction in a week. Even the most extreme introvert can gain from building friendships with other parents and building a support network. Even introvert children can learn and grow through thoughtful and sensitive interaction with their peers. As an introvert child gets older, you may find that, even though you went through it yourself, you worry about whether they are making friends and socialising enough. It's probably unfounded but you're a parent so that's what you'll do!
And if you have an ambivert / extrovert child? It's all a question of balance. You know your child and you will be able to read their cues. They will not be subtle about letting you know that they need more than your company, no matter how scintillating a conversationalist you are! Their liveliness and gregariousness can be daunting for a parent who values silence but it can also be hugely life-affirming and enriching. Cherish your own personality, cherish your child's and cherish the difference.
4. Create a rhythm.
Having a rhythm to your day or your week can be very helpful for introvert parents. Whether this needs to be a strict schedule or more of a loose plan will depend on whether you're a "J" Introvert (likes schedule and structure) or a "P" one (likes spontaneity and surprises). Irrespective, if you know that going to a toddler group will deplete your energy then making provision to replenish isn't selfish, it's necessary.
It might seem indulgent but if you are your child's primary caregiver then their well-being depends on your well-being. You aren't being selfish when you take the time to meet your own needs, you are being a responsible parent. And, if you're a working introvert parent? I would imagine it's even more of an imperative to give yourself some space. You are dealing with the intensity of life with small children and the responsibility of work. Without a rhythm that includes rest, you may very well burn out. It isn't always easy, in this age of perpetual business, to see a space for introverted introspection but most introvert parents will know when they are stretched too thin. We get cranky - and we're not pleasant when we're cranky!
5. Consider your parenting style.
From the minute you know you're having a baby, there are experts longing to tell you how it's done. These experts range from family members through to published authors, who must know what they're talking about if they've got a book about it. Well, yes and no. Some parenting advice can be really useful but any "one size fits all" philosophy is going to come unstuck when you consider all we have been saying about the variances amongst parents and amongst their children.
It doesn't matter whether you're an introvert, an ambivert or an extrovert, the best parenting style for you is the one you evolve to best fit your family. I dislike parenting labels but sometimes they can help us find our "tribe". If I had to pick one, I'd choose "Instinctive Parent" - which may just be a fancy way of saying "Make It Up As I Go". Which is, actually, fine.
I was very surprised to find that my instincts led me to be broadly Attachment in my parenting choices. As this type of parenting is associated with quite intensive parenting practices and is generally quite fluid about structures, it didn't seem to suit my personality type. But I found that things like carrying my baby in a sling - especially my extrovert youngest - worked in my favour. He was stimulated and happy, being able to see the world from my back. I was able to take some time and space knowing he was safe and happy. What at first glance might have seemed counter-intuitive for an introvert, actually served my needs (and those of my baby) very well.
Maybe Introvert Parent is a label all of its own but an Introvert Parent who raises their child according to their instincts is likely to be a happy and successful parent.
Why is Introvert parenting particularly intense?
Ask most introverts and they will tell you that our society seems to value extraversion over introversion. From our earliest days we are encouraged to seek out friendship groups. There are many new parent groups which pregnant women and their partners can access in order to have a "support network" available to them when their child is born. Even quite small communities abound with pre-schools and nurseries where very young children are cared for in, sometimes quite large, groups. If children are schooled, this continues through their education. Our workplaces are often busy and bustling. Introverts can often feel as though they are being suffocated by sociability! If simply existing as an introvert can sometimes feel overwhelming, why pick out parenting as a particularly draining role for an introvert to undertake?
Primarily, it's the all-encompassing nature of parenting. For most parents, parenting begins with pregnancy and for nine months an introvert mother-to-be is never truly alone. Even when carving out "me" time, she has her lovely little passenger along for the ride. And once baby is born? Well, often, that complete symbiosis of mother and child from pregnancy actually seems like the easy part! I don't know about you but I never worked in any job where my colleagues would follow me to the toilet and try to continue negotiations with me whilst I was shut in a cubicle!
Parents want to do the best they can for their children. Whatever personality a parent is, having responsibility for the health and well-being of a whole other human being can feel like an overwhelming responsibility. To do it well means ensuring your own well-being is protected. It is so much easier to give your time and energy to your children when those things are replenished regularly. The extra challenge for an introvert parent is creating the time and space to do just that when, for most of us, it means carving out sufficient, high-quality alone time. Locking the toilet door probably won't do it (although it might be a start!)
1. Accept that you are an Introvert:
It can be tempting, when the world seems so much more receptive to extrovert personalities, to try and re-invent yourself. If being an extrovert makes it easier to spend time with your child then - pow! - become an extrovert. Suddenly discover the joys of large crowds and noisy soft play areas which eluded you before. (Allow this introvert a brief shudder of horror before proceeding!) There is validity in the idea that we should explore our "shadow" sides and Jung felt that we should all have an understanding of our opposites but understanding and becoming are not the same.
Whilst personality can, and does, evolve over a life-time, affected by life experiences and social groupings, the underlying traits are most likely to remain. According to Peter Geyer, 75% of those who re-take a Myers-Briggs test will report the same result a second time (and this can be higher, if the participant has strong preferences). This implies that the core aspects of who we were are deep-seated, possibly innate and unlikely to shift drastically in our lifetime.
Thus, rather than trying to become less introverted, a parent who embraces their introvert personality is likely to be in a better position to make adaptations to their parenting style to accommodate their need for space.
2. Accept that you are not ONLY an Introvert:
Reducing who you are to one word is always going to be a little basic and self-limiting. None of us have just one personality trait. Those other letters on a Myers-Briggs scale?... They're important too and your combination of aptitudes will probably be unique to you. Moreover, just four letters seems even more limiting than a word. Taking those four letters as the foundation for exploring the rich multi-faceted nature of humans seems a healthier approach.
Me? Well, to limit myself to four letters for a moment (!) I came out as an ISFJ when I was eighteen. I'm an extreme Introvert. But, I also have tendencies toward OCD and, as a result, my mental health is better when my home is clean and ordered. I thrive on routine and strongly dislike spontaneity! All these things have shaped my parenting yet none of them were really anything to do with being an introvert. The fact that I learned to mix my need for tidiness with my child's need to explore (read: make a mess) grew out of my "J-ness" not my "I-ness"! And I'm sure my Sensing and Feeling characteristics will have fed into the type of parent I ultimately became, even if I'm not completely conscious of the actual outcomes.
Likewise, any parent who tries to plan the way they raise their child around one aspect of their psyche is likely to find it virtually impossible. The needs of the child and, indeed, the parent will not be fully met and there may well be increased tension and discord. Knowing that parenting is dynamic and acknowledging that it is never just one thing can help us when we're trying to work out what on earth is going on!?
3. Notice your child's personality.
If you're an introvert parent, you may spend pregnancy crossing your fingers and hoping for an introvert child. You may have fond images of sitting side by side with your little one, in happy companionable silence, building elaborate rail networks from your box of wooden train-track. Or, you may envisage hours on the sofa surrounded by books which you and your child will share harmoniously. They will sit entranced and definitely won't try to gnaw the cover or launch a beloved classic at your head.
And you know what? It might happen like that. It did for me - the first time around. My eldest child turned out to be a happy, contented introvert who would happily spend a whole morning planning and executing amazing rail networks. He welcomed my participation but didn't seem to require it and would remain lost in his own world if I needed to step away for any reason.
This Introvert parent / Introvert child relationship may seem the perfect one but it is not without its challenges. As you both require little outside stimulation, you can end up relatively isolated. As the adult, an introverted parent may have to bite the bullet and take steps to ensure you and your child do have some social interaction in a week. Even the most extreme introvert can gain from building friendships with other parents and building a support network. Even introvert children can learn and grow through thoughtful and sensitive interaction with their peers. As an introvert child gets older, you may find that, even though you went through it yourself, you worry about whether they are making friends and socialising enough. It's probably unfounded but you're a parent so that's what you'll do!
And if you have an ambivert / extrovert child? It's all a question of balance. You know your child and you will be able to read their cues. They will not be subtle about letting you know that they need more than your company, no matter how scintillating a conversationalist you are! Their liveliness and gregariousness can be daunting for a parent who values silence but it can also be hugely life-affirming and enriching. Cherish your own personality, cherish your child's and cherish the difference.
4. Create a rhythm.
Having a rhythm to your day or your week can be very helpful for introvert parents. Whether this needs to be a strict schedule or more of a loose plan will depend on whether you're a "J" Introvert (likes schedule and structure) or a "P" one (likes spontaneity and surprises). Irrespective, if you know that going to a toddler group will deplete your energy then making provision to replenish isn't selfish, it's necessary.
It might seem indulgent but if you are your child's primary caregiver then their well-being depends on your well-being. You aren't being selfish when you take the time to meet your own needs, you are being a responsible parent. And, if you're a working introvert parent? I would imagine it's even more of an imperative to give yourself some space. You are dealing with the intensity of life with small children and the responsibility of work. Without a rhythm that includes rest, you may very well burn out. It isn't always easy, in this age of perpetual business, to see a space for introverted introspection but most introvert parents will know when they are stretched too thin. We get cranky - and we're not pleasant when we're cranky!
5. Consider your parenting style.
From the minute you know you're having a baby, there are experts longing to tell you how it's done. These experts range from family members through to published authors, who must know what they're talking about if they've got a book about it. Well, yes and no. Some parenting advice can be really useful but any "one size fits all" philosophy is going to come unstuck when you consider all we have been saying about the variances amongst parents and amongst their children.
It doesn't matter whether you're an introvert, an ambivert or an extrovert, the best parenting style for you is the one you evolve to best fit your family. I dislike parenting labels but sometimes they can help us find our "tribe". If I had to pick one, I'd choose "Instinctive Parent" - which may just be a fancy way of saying "Make It Up As I Go". Which is, actually, fine.
I was very surprised to find that my instincts led me to be broadly Attachment in my parenting choices. As this type of parenting is associated with quite intensive parenting practices and is generally quite fluid about structures, it didn't seem to suit my personality type. But I found that things like carrying my baby in a sling - especially my extrovert youngest - worked in my favour. He was stimulated and happy, being able to see the world from my back. I was able to take some time and space knowing he was safe and happy. What at first glance might have seemed counter-intuitive for an introvert, actually served my needs (and those of my baby) very well.
Maybe Introvert Parent is a label all of its own but an Introvert Parent who raises their child according to their instincts is likely to be a happy and successful parent.
Categories
Knowledge
Wednesday, April 15, 2015
15 secret decor tips
1 Natural colour
Lemons in a bowl add a little zest to a white kitchen inexpensively. And who doesn't love their fresh scent? A stylish dishtowel can soften a granite countertop and pick up the green in the flowering plants lining your windowsill.
2 White out
Nothing beats piles of soft white towels for their luxurious look, especially when you have open shelving in a bathroom. Candles, a blue vase and green- and cream-colour flowers add dashes of pretty to an all-white backdrop.
3 Dishing it out
Don't hide your dishes from view! Instead, make them a great kitchen feature by displaying one colour or style together. Simple dishes in white and soft celadon look fabulous.
4 A group effort
Avoid the cluttered, chaotic look of jam-packed shelves by grouping books and accessories of similar size and shape in mini vignettes.
5 Real lookers
Storing herbs and spices in uniform containers in drawers and cabinets is so easy on the eyes. The look is even cleaner when you use a label maker to denote the contents of tins or little glass jars.
6 Sweet dreams
You can't go wrong with crisp white cotton or linen bedding: it always looks inviting and elegant.
7 All lined up
Keep glass cabinets bright with bold, colourful packaging. Red pop bottles with attractive labels are fun and fresh on a windowsill, too. bank rakyat loan
Categories
Idea Home Deco
Wednesday, April 08, 2015
Butternut Squash Risotto
Ingredients
- 50g onion, chopped
- 25g unsalted butter
- 110g basmati rice
- 450ml boiling water
- 150g butternut squash, peeled and chopped
- 225g ripe tomatoes, skinned, deseeded and chopped
- 50g Cheddar cheese, grated
Method
- Saute the onion in half the butter until softened.
- Stir in the rice until well coated.
- Pour over the boiling water, cover pan with a lid and cook for 8 minutes over a high heat.
- Stir in the butternut squash, reduce the heat and cook, covered, for about 12 minutes or until or the water had been absorbed.
- Meanwhile, melt the remaining butter in a small saucepan, add the tomatoes and saute for 2-3 minutes,
- Stir in the cheese until melted, then stir the tomato and cheese mixture into the cooked rice. sources
Categories
Recepi
Thursday, April 02, 2015
Jaga2 Serangan Hendap
Vocalizations
Cat vocalisations have been categorised according to a range of characteristics.
Schötz categorised vocalizations according to 3 mouth actions: (1) sounds produced with the mouth closed (murmurs), including the purr, the trill and the chirrup, (2) sounds produced with the mouth open and gradually closing, comprising a large variety of miaows with similar vowel patterns, and (3) sounds produced with the mouth held tensely open in the same position, often uttered in aggressive situations (growls, yowls, snarls, hisses, spits and shrieks).
Brown et al. categorised vocal responses of cats according to the behavioural context: (1) during separation of kittens from mother cats, (2) during food deprivation, (3) during pain, (4) prior to or during threat or attack behavior, as in disputes over territory or food, (5) during a painful or acutely stressful experience, as in routine prophylactic injections and (6) during kitten deprivation. Less commonly recorded calls from mature cats included purring, conspecific greeting calls or murmurs, extended vocal dialogues between cats in separate cages, “frustration” calls during training or extinction of conditioned responses.
Miller classified vocalisations into 5 categories according to the sound produced: the purr, chirr, call, meow and growl/snarl/hiss.
Purr
The purr is a continuous, soft, vibrating sound made in the throat by most species of felines. Domestic cat kittens can purr as early as two days of age. This tonal rumbling can characterize different personalities in domestic cats. Purring is often believed to indicate a positive emotional state, but cats sometimes purr when they are ill, tense, or experiencing traumatic or painful moments.
The mechanism of how cats purr is elusive. This is partly because cats do not have a unique anatomical feature that is clearly responsible for the vocalization. One hypothesis, supported by electromyographic studies, is that cats produce the purring noise by using the vocal folds and/or the muscles of the larynx to alternately dilate and constrict the glottis rapidly, causing air vibrations during inhalation and exhalation. Combined with the steady inhalation and exhalation as the cat breathes, a purring noise is produced with strong harmonics. Purring is sometimes accompanied by other sounds, though this varies between individuals. Some may only purr, while other cats include low level outbursts sometimes described as "lurps" or "yowps".
Domestic cats purr at varying frequencies. One study reported that domestic cats purr at average frequencies of 21.98 Hz in the egressive phase and 23.24 Hz in the ingressive phase with an overall mean of 22.6 Hz. Further research on purring in four domestic cats found that the fundamental frequency varied between 20.94 and 27.21 Hz for the egressive phase and between 23.0 and 26.09 Hz for the ingressive phase. There was considerable variation between the four cats in the relative amplitude, duration and frequency between egressive and ingressive phases, although this variation generally occurred within the normal range.
One study on a single cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) showed it purred with an average frequency of 20.87 Hz (egressive phases) and 18.32 Hz (ingressive phases). A further study on four adult cheetahs found that mean frequencies were between 19.3 Hz and 20.5 Hz in ingressive phases, and between 21.9 Hz and 23.4 Hz in egressive phases. The egressive phases were longer than ingressive phases and moreover, the amplitude was greater in the egressive phases.
It was once believed that only the cats of the genus Felis could purr. However, felids of the genus Panthera (tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards) also produce sounds similar to purring, but only when exhaling. The subdivision of the Felidae into ‘purring cats’ on the one hand and ‘roaring cats ’ (i.e. non-purring) on the other, originally goes back to Owen (1834/1835) and was definitely introduced by Pocock (1916), based on a difference in hyoid anatomy. The ‘roaring cats’ (lion, Panthera leo; tiger, P. tigris; jaguar, P. onca; leopard, P. pardus) have an incompletely ossified hyoid, which according to this theory, enables them to roar but not to purr. On the other hand, the snow leopard (Uncia uncia), as the fifth felid species with an incompletely ossified hyoid, purrs (Hemmer, 1972). All remaining species of the family Felidae (‘purring cats’) have a completely ossified hyoid which enables them to purr but not to roar. However, Weissengruber et al. (2002) argued that the ability of a cat species to purr is not affected by the anatomy of its hyoid, i.e. whether it is fully ossified or has a ligamentous epihyoid, and that, based on a technical acoustic definition of roaring, the presence of this vocalization type depends on specific characteristics of the vocal folds and an elongated vocal tract, the latter rendered possible by an incompletely ossified hyoid.
Cat vocalisations have been categorised according to a range of characteristics.
Schötz categorised vocalizations according to 3 mouth actions: (1) sounds produced with the mouth closed (murmurs), including the purr, the trill and the chirrup, (2) sounds produced with the mouth open and gradually closing, comprising a large variety of miaows with similar vowel patterns, and (3) sounds produced with the mouth held tensely open in the same position, often uttered in aggressive situations (growls, yowls, snarls, hisses, spits and shrieks).
Brown et al. categorised vocal responses of cats according to the behavioural context: (1) during separation of kittens from mother cats, (2) during food deprivation, (3) during pain, (4) prior to or during threat or attack behavior, as in disputes over territory or food, (5) during a painful or acutely stressful experience, as in routine prophylactic injections and (6) during kitten deprivation. Less commonly recorded calls from mature cats included purring, conspecific greeting calls or murmurs, extended vocal dialogues between cats in separate cages, “frustration” calls during training or extinction of conditioned responses.
Miller classified vocalisations into 5 categories according to the sound produced: the purr, chirr, call, meow and growl/snarl/hiss.
Purr
The purr is a continuous, soft, vibrating sound made in the throat by most species of felines. Domestic cat kittens can purr as early as two days of age. This tonal rumbling can characterize different personalities in domestic cats. Purring is often believed to indicate a positive emotional state, but cats sometimes purr when they are ill, tense, or experiencing traumatic or painful moments.
The mechanism of how cats purr is elusive. This is partly because cats do not have a unique anatomical feature that is clearly responsible for the vocalization. One hypothesis, supported by electromyographic studies, is that cats produce the purring noise by using the vocal folds and/or the muscles of the larynx to alternately dilate and constrict the glottis rapidly, causing air vibrations during inhalation and exhalation. Combined with the steady inhalation and exhalation as the cat breathes, a purring noise is produced with strong harmonics. Purring is sometimes accompanied by other sounds, though this varies between individuals. Some may only purr, while other cats include low level outbursts sometimes described as "lurps" or "yowps".
Domestic cats purr at varying frequencies. One study reported that domestic cats purr at average frequencies of 21.98 Hz in the egressive phase and 23.24 Hz in the ingressive phase with an overall mean of 22.6 Hz. Further research on purring in four domestic cats found that the fundamental frequency varied between 20.94 and 27.21 Hz for the egressive phase and between 23.0 and 26.09 Hz for the ingressive phase. There was considerable variation between the four cats in the relative amplitude, duration and frequency between egressive and ingressive phases, although this variation generally occurred within the normal range.
One study on a single cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) showed it purred with an average frequency of 20.87 Hz (egressive phases) and 18.32 Hz (ingressive phases). A further study on four adult cheetahs found that mean frequencies were between 19.3 Hz and 20.5 Hz in ingressive phases, and between 21.9 Hz and 23.4 Hz in egressive phases. The egressive phases were longer than ingressive phases and moreover, the amplitude was greater in the egressive phases.
It was once believed that only the cats of the genus Felis could purr. However, felids of the genus Panthera (tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards) also produce sounds similar to purring, but only when exhaling. The subdivision of the Felidae into ‘purring cats’ on the one hand and ‘roaring cats ’ (i.e. non-purring) on the other, originally goes back to Owen (1834/1835) and was definitely introduced by Pocock (1916), based on a difference in hyoid anatomy. The ‘roaring cats’ (lion, Panthera leo; tiger, P. tigris; jaguar, P. onca; leopard, P. pardus) have an incompletely ossified hyoid, which according to this theory, enables them to roar but not to purr. On the other hand, the snow leopard (Uncia uncia), as the fifth felid species with an incompletely ossified hyoid, purrs (Hemmer, 1972). All remaining species of the family Felidae (‘purring cats’) have a completely ossified hyoid which enables them to purr but not to roar. However, Weissengruber et al. (2002) argued that the ability of a cat species to purr is not affected by the anatomy of its hyoid, i.e. whether it is fully ossified or has a ligamentous epihyoid, and that, based on a technical acoustic definition of roaring, the presence of this vocalization type depends on specific characteristics of the vocal folds and an elongated vocal tract, the latter rendered possible by an incompletely ossified hyoid.
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California House by InForm Design & Pleysier Perkins
California House is a project completed by InForm Design & Pleysier Perkins. The architecture modern, but softened with a material palette of timber, concrete and local stone. These materials comply with bush fire regulations and will age gracefully in the harsh coastal environment.
http://interiorzine.com/2013/12/11/contemporary-architectural-interpretation-of-the-australian-house/
California House is a project completed by InForm Design & Pleysier Perkins. The architecture modern, but softened with a material palette of timber, concrete and local stone. These materials comply with bush fire regulations and will age gracefully in the harsh coastal environment.
http://interiorzine.com/2013/12/11/contemporary-architectural-interpretation-of-the-australian-house/
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